what does it mean to have lupus anticoagulant?

At a Glance

Why Get Tested?

To help investigate the cause of a blood jell (thrombotic episode); to evaluate a prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT); to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriages, or as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome; the tests are non used to diagnose the chronic autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus.

When To Get Tested?

When you have had signs and symptoms of a blood clot in a vein or avenue (known as thrombosis or thromboembolism); when you lot have a prolonged PTT test of unknown crusade; when you take had recurrent miscarriages

Sample Required?

A blood sample obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in your arm

Test Preparation Needed?

None

What is being tested?

Lupus anticoagulants (LA) are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly assault sure components of the trunk'due south ain cells. They specifically target phospholipids also equally the proteins associated with phospholipids that are found in the outer-virtually layer of cells (jail cell membranes). These autoantibodies interfere with the blood clotting process in a way that is not fully understood and increase a person'south risk of developing a claret clot. Lupus anticoagulant testing is a serial of tests that discover the presence of LA in the claret.

The lupus anticoagulant test's name may seem odd or disruptive for two reasons:

• Lupus anticoagulants were so-named because they were first establish among patients with lupus, simply LA testing is not used to diagnose the autoimmune disorder and LA are frequently absent-minded in people with lupus. LA may besides occur in individuals with other weather condition and in people who have sure medications. The antibodies are nowadays in about 2-4% of the general population and may develop in people with no known adventure factors.
• The term "anticoagulant" is part of the name because LA really prolong clotting fourth dimension in laboratory tests that are used to evaluate coagulation. For example, they inhibit the chemical reactions that lead to clotting in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT), a test routinely used to evaluate clotting. However, the presence of LA in the human body is associated with an increased risk of developing inappropriate blood clots. Importantly, lupus anticoagulant itself does not crusade bleeding in the body.

There is no single test for the detection of lupus anticoagulant and it cannot be measured directly. The presence of LA is usually determined by using a panel of sequential tests for which in that location is no standardization.

• Initial testing typically involves one or more tests that depend on phospholipid-containing reagents, usually PTT, the LA-sensitive PTT (known as PTT-LA) or dilute Russell viper venom test (DRVVT). All of these tests measure out the time information technology takes (in seconds) for a plasma sample to clot; LA prolongs that time.
• Depending on the results of these initial tests, certain follow-up tests are performed to either confirm or exclude the presence of lupus anticoagulant.

LA may increase the risk of developing blood clots in both the veins and arteries, oft in the veins in the legs (known as deep vein thrombosis or DVT). These clots may block blood flow in any part of the torso, leading to stroke, heart attack, or pulmonary embolism. LA is as well associated with recurrent miscarriages. It has been suggested that LA causes clots to form that block blood vessels of the placenta, affecting growth of the developing baby, and that LA may likewise direct attack the tissue of the placenta, affecting its development.

The lupus anticoagulant is one of iii primary antiphospholipid antibodies that are associated with an increased take chances of thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disorder characterized by backlog claret clot formation, organ failures, and pregnancy complications. The other 2 are cardiolipin antibodies and beta-ii glycoprotein 1 antibody. Individually and together, they increment a person's trend to clot inappropriately. People with APS are at greater risk for clotting if they test positive for all three antibodies. Still, thrombosis appears more mutual in people with LA.

Not everyone with antiphospholipid antibodies will develop symptoms. Antiphospholipid antibodies are present in about five% of healthy individuals.

Mutual Questions

How is information technology used?

Lupus anticoagulant testing is a series of tests used to detect lupus anticoagulant (LA) in the claret. LA is an autoantibody associated with excess claret jell germination. LA testing may be used to help determine the cause of:

• An unexplained blood jell (thrombosis) in a vein or artery
• Recurrent miscarriages in a woman
• An unexplained prolonged fractional thromboplastin time (PTT, aPTT test); PTT measures the fourth dimension it takes in seconds for a person'due south blood sample to clot in a test tube subsequently reagents are added. LA testing helps determine whether a prolonged PTT is due to a specific inhibitor, such as an antibody confronting a specific coagulation cistron, or to a nonspecific inhibitor like the lupus anticoagulant, or is due to deficiency in coagulation factor(south).

LA testing may also be used:

• Along with tests for cardiolipin antibody and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I to diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
• Along with tests such as cistron V Leiden, antithrombin, or proteins C and South to assistance diagnose an excessive clotting disorder (thrombophilia)
• To determine whether the lupus anticoagulant is temporary (transient) or persistent

LA cannot exist measured directly and there is no single test or standardized procedure to detect the presence of LA in the blood. A series of tests is used to confirm or dominion out the autoantibody:

• It is recommended that two tests be used to detect lupus anticoagulant initially (known as LA-Screen). The most sensitive tests are dilute Russell viper venom test (DRVVT) and a LA-sensitive PTT (PTT-LA), one that uses reagents containing low levels of phospholipid. Follow-up testing is performed to confirm or exclude the presence of lupus anticoagulant. These may include:
• Mixing study: an equal volume of patient plasma is mixed with "normal" pooled plasma and a PTT or DRVVT is performed on this mixture.
• Correction/neutralization (known equally LA-Confirm): an excess of phospholipids is added to the patient sample and a PTT-LA or DRVVT is performed. (When PTT-LA is measured, the assay is chosen a hexagonal phase phospholipid neutralization assay). The results are then compared to that of the LA-Screen, and an estimation is fabricated by a laboratory technologist or pathologist.

When is it ordered?

Lupus anticoagulant testing is ordered forth with other tests when:

• Someone has had an unexplained blood jell in a vein or artery; signs and symptoms can range from pain, swelling, and discoloration in the leg in the case of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to fatigue, sweating, and rapid breathing with a pulmonary embolism (PE).
• An individual has signs and symptoms of APS; these may exist similar to the ones mentioned above.
• A adult female experiences recurrent miscarriages
• A person has a prolonged PTT examination that is unexplained

If results indicate the presence of lupus anticoagulant (LA), testing is usually repeated about 12 weeks later to ostend that it is still present, especially for individuals being tested for APS.

When a person is initially negative for lupus anticoagulant only has an autoimmune disease such as lupus, a health care practitioner may occasionally repeat 1 or more of the lupus anticoagulant screening tests, unremarkably the PTT, to determine whether the antibody has developed since the last time the exam was performed. This is done considering the person has the potential to develop the lupus anticoagulant at any fourth dimension.

What does the test result mean?

The results of the series of LA tests either lead toward or away from the likelihood of having LA. The laboratory report may be somewhat complicated, but it usually provides an interpretation of the results and states whether LA is present or absent. LA testing results, like those of other tests for clotting disorders, are difficult to interpret and are best evaluated by laboratory technologists and/or physicians with experience with excessive clotting disorders testing.

Although the initial tests performed for LA may vary, they ordinarily brainstorm with a PTT that is prolonged. A PTT that is normal (not prolonged) may mean that there is no LA nowadays. However, the test may not exist sensitive enough to detect LA and the LA-sensitive PTT (PTT-LA) may demand to be done.

Results that bespeak the presence of LA may mean that a person's signs and symptoms are due, at to the lowest degree in part, to LA. Results that indicate that LA is NOT present may hateful that signs and symptoms, such as a prolonged PTT, are due to another crusade such as deficiency on coagulation cistron(s).

For example, if LA is positive on two or more occasions at least 12 weeks apart, the results may betoken antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus anticoagulant testing is often done in conjunction with tests for cardiolipin antibody and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies to help diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome. The results are interpreted together, along with clinical criteria, in club to make a diagnosis.

Some other tests may exist done to assist ostend the diagnosis of a lupus anticoagulant and/or to help dominion out other causes of a prolonged PTT. Examples include:

• Coagulation factor assays (e.g., fibrinogen) – these may be ordered to rule out factor deficiencies that may cause a prolonged PTT and haemorrhage episodes; a panel of factor assays may as well aid in detecting lupus anticoagulant versus gene deficiency.
• Complete claret count (CBC) – the CBC exam includes a platelet count; balmy to moderate thrombocytopenia (depression platelet count) is often seen along with the lupus anticoagulant; moderate to severe thrombocytopenia may develop in patients receiving anticoagulant (heparin) therapy for lupus anticoagulant-associated thrombosis.
• Thrombin time – if a thrombin time test is normal, then heparin contamination is excluded equally a cause of prolonged PTT.

What are some additional details on LA testing results?

The following table summarizes some LA testing results that may be seen.

	Tests	Results	Possible Interpretation
Step 1	LA-sensitive PTT (PTT-LA) and/or dilute Russell viper venom test (DRVVT)	Normal	Usually no further testing is done. If there is a strong suspicion of the presence of an inhibitor, then testing may be repeated.
		Prolonged	Possible inhibitor present; see Step two
Step 2	Mixing study: Mix equal parts patient plasma with normal pooled plasma and perform PTT-LA or DRVVT	Normal	The initial test results were prolonged due to a crusade other than an inhibitor, i.e., deficiency in coagulation factor(due south).
		Prolonged	If mixing patient plasma with normal pooled plasma does not "correct" the result, then it is likely that lupus anticoagulant is present; see Step iii
Step 3	Confirmation (correction or neutralization test): perform PTT-LA or DRVVT over again merely add excess phospholipids (e.g., hexagonal phase phospholipid neutralization analysis). A normalized ratio is calculated by dividing this event into the event of PTT-LA or DRVVT without backlog phospholipids.	Positive (high ratio)	If the ratio is above a specified cutoff, and then presence of lupus anticoagulant is suggested.
		Negative (depression ratio)	A specific inhibitor rather than lupus anticoagulant may be present. Tests for antibodies directed against coagulation factors, specifically factor 8, may be performed. Different LA that may cause clotting in the torso, a factor specific inhibitor can cause severe bleeding.

Based on the International Gild of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) recommendations, there are 4 criteria that must be met to ostend the presence of LA:

• Prolonged result on at least one of 2 coagulation tests that are dependent on phospholipids, such as PTT-LA or DRVVT
• Prolonged event on a mixing study (evidence of clotting inhibition)
• Shortened clotting time occurs later adding excess phospholipids (demonstrates dependence of the inhibitor on phospholipids)
• Ruling out coexisting specific coagulation factor inhibitor, such every bit factor Viii, which could result in catastrophic haemorrhage if not identified

Is in that location anything else I should know?

Subsequently heparin contamination, a lupus anticoagulant is the most common reason for a prolonged PTT.

Occasionally, LA testing may be ordered to help determine the crusade of a positive VDRL/RPR examination for syphilis considering cardiolipin antibodies may produce a imitation-positive result with these syphilis tests.

Lupus anticoagulants may also be present in individuals with autoimmune diseases, infections such as HIV/AIDS, inflammation, cancers, and in people who take certain medications, such every bit phenothiazines, penicillin, quinidine, hydralazine, procainamide, and fansidar.

Patients on heparin or heparin substitute (such as hirudin, danaparoid, or argatroban) anticoagulation therapy may have fake-positive results for lupus anticoagulant. Warfarin (COUMADIN^®) anticoagulant therapy may also cause simulated exam results if levels of coagulation cistron Ii, VII, IX and X are significantly decreased. If possible, lupus anticoagulant testing should exist washed prior to the start of anticoagulation therapy.

If someone with a harmful blood clot (thrombosis) has a lupus anticoagulant, it is usually necessary to prolong and possibly increase the intensity of the person's anticoagulation therapy.

For someone with a confirmed lupus anticoagulant, the usual anticoagulation monitoring test (e.m., PTT for heparin, PT/INR for warfarin) is unreliable, and then culling testing should be used for therapy monitoring. For case, chromogenic anti-Xa and chromogenic Xa assays should be used for heparin and warfarin monitoring, respectively.

Is sample collection critical for lupus anticoagulant (LA) testing?

Yes. Besides heparin contagion, other pretest variables may accept a significant bear upon on detecting the lupus anticoagulant. The blood sample is collected in a special citrated tube and centrifuged to remove the plasma for testing. There must exist the proper amount of claret in the tube and it cannot be clotted. When the blood is properly centrifuged, most of the platelets are removed from the exam sample. If there are too many platelets in the plasma sample, test results may be compromised because platelets are a source of phospholipids. Also, if a person's hematocrit is very high, examination results may be affected.

Is there anything I can practice to become rid of lupus anticoagulant?

No. You cannot get rid of this autoantibody through any actions on your role such as lifestyle changes. At that place is no cure, merely if yous feel signs and symptoms related to LA, there are treatments available that can help decrease your risk of excessive clotting.

How is a person with lupus anticoagulant treated?

No handling is required if someone does not have any symptoms. If blood clots do occur, patients are normally treated with anticoagulants such as heparin (which is injected nether the skin or given intravenously) followed by oral warfarin (COUMADIN®) therapy for several months. Higher than usual doses of warfarin may exist required, and the treatment may need to be connected for a longer period of time. In someone with the lupus anticoagulant, the chance of recurrence of both arterial and venous thrombotic episodes is relatively high. Some people may need to be on long-term (even life-long) oral anticoagulation. New oral anticoagulation drug may also be prescribed by your health care provider if you need long-term therapy.

Who is at take a chance for antiphospholipid syndrome?

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) may affect anyone but is about ofttimes seen in women of kid-bearing age and in those with another autoimmune disorder. Co-ordinate to the March of Dimes, APS is the almost common caused excessive clotting disorder (thrombophilia), affecting upwards to 5% of pregnant women.

If it is suspected that I have an excessive clotting disorder, what tests other than LA might my doctor use to evaluate my condition?

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